Risk Factors

Source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov --- 6 days ago
Related Articles Cardiovascular Risk Factors and the metabolic syndrome in pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Circulation. 2008 Jul 15;118(3):277-83 Authors: Schwimmer JB, Pardee PE, Lavine JE, Blumkin AK, Cook S BACKGROUND: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common cause of liver disease in children, is associated with obesity and insulin resistance. However, the relationship between NAFLD and cardiovascular Risk Factors in children is not fully understood. The objective of this study was to determine the association between NAFLD and the presence of metabolic syndrome in overweight and obese children. METHODS AND RESULTS: This case-control study of 150 overweight children with biopsy-proven NAFLD and 150 overweight children without NAFLD compared rates of metabolic syndrome using Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. Cases and controls were well matched in age, sex, and severity of obesity. Children with NAFLD had significantly higher fasting glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure than overweight and obese children without NAFLD. Subjects with NAFLD also had significantly lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol than controls. After adjustment for age, sex, race, ethnicity, body mass index, and hyperinsulinemia, children with metabolic syndrome had 5.0 (95% confidence interval, 2.6 to 9.7) times the odds o ...

Source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov --- 6 days ago
Related Articles [Etiologic agents and Risk Factors in nosocomial urinary tract infections] Mikrobiyol Bul. 2008 Apr;42(2):245-54 Authors: Akkoyun S, Kuloğlu F, Tokuç B Nosocomial urinary tract infection (NUSI) is one of the most common hospital acquired infections. In this study, we aimed to determine the Risk Factors, frequency and the bacterial etiology of NUSI in hospitalized patients at Trace University Hospital, Turkey. Between September 1st 2004 to March 1st 2005, 104 NUSI episodes from 91 adult patients (mean age; 60.8 +/- 16.1 years; 46 were female) were determined among 8704 patients admitted to the hospital. During the study period, cumulative incidence of NUSI was 1.04% and episode rate of NUSI was 1.19%. The most important Risk Factors for NUSI were detected as urinary catheterization (78.8%), antimicrobial therapy within the previous 15 days (60.6%), fecal incontinence (33.7%) and surgical operations [29.8% (42% of them were urological pertainings)]. In 37.8% of the episodes urinary catheterization was considered as performed unnecessarily. In 26% of the episodes another infection (pneumoniae, abdominal infection, wound infection) accompanied. The causative microorganisms were resistant to the antibiotics used for therapy in 93.6% of the episodes. A total of 118 microorganisms (14 were polymicrobial) have been isolated from the urine cultures. The most frequently isolated ones were Escherichia coil (n: 48; 40.8%), Candid ...

Source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov --- 15 days ago
Related Articles Body Mass Index, Waist Circumference, and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Adolescents. J Pediatr. 2008 Jul 31; Authors: Messiah SE, Arheart KL, Lipshultz SE, Miller TL OBJECTIVE: To determine optimal threshold values for body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) for detecting cardiovascular disease (CVD) Risk (as defined with >/=3 CVD Risk Factors [RFs]) in adolescents. STUDY DESIGN: The 1999-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) cross-sectional data for 12- to 19-year-old adolescents (n = 2581) was analyzed. Main outcome measures were >/=3 age-adjusted CVD RFs (high- and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, triglyceride level, glucose level, insulin level, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure). The presence of >/=3 RFs was predicted from age- and sex-adjusted BMI and WC values with receiver operating characteristics analyses. RESULTS: The proportion of adolescents at Risk for >/=3 RFs ranged from 17% to 19%. Both BMI and WC had good diagnostic accuracy, ranging from 0.73 to 0.83, and good sensitivity and specificity, ranging from 0.68 to 0.77. The BMI cutoff points ranged from 19.5 to 25.0 kg/m(2) for boys and from 19.4 to 27.0 kg/m(2) for girls, and WC cutoff points ranged from 66.8 to 87.5 cm for boys and from 71.5 to 87.2 cm for girls. CONCLUSIONS: Age-, sex-, and ethnicity/race-specific threshold values for BMI and WC may have significant clinical usefulness in identifyi ...

Source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov --- 7 days ago
Related Articles Risk Factors for depressive disorders in the Lundby cohort - A 50 year prospective clinical follow-up. J Affect Disord. 2008 Aug 9; Authors: Mattisson C, Bogren M, Horstmann V, Tambs K, Munk-Jörgensen P, Nettelbladt P BACKGROUND: Depressive disorders are common and disabling. The Lundby Study is a prospective study of a community sample that started in 1947(N=2550). In 1957, 1013 newcomers were added. The latest field investigation was carried out in 1997. AIM: To identify Risk Factors for depressive disorders. METHOD: The Lundby database contains clinical assessments of the subjects made by psychiatrists. It also includes information about socio-demographic Factors and episodes of somatic and mental disorders. Two different but partly overlapping cohorts from the same geographical area in 1947 (N=2470) and in 1957 (N=3310) were investigated. During follow-up 418 individuals experienced their first depressive disorder. For each cohort, possible Risk Factors were analysed by means of Cox regression analyses for the whole sample and for each sex separately. CONCLUSION: The personality trait nervous/tense and anxiety disorders were statistically significant Risk Factors for depression for both genders. For males, the diagnoses alcohol disorders and tiredness disorder were Risk Factors. The personality trait subvalidity (low grade of energy) and nervous symptoms as a child were also Risk Factors for males. For females per ...

Source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov --- 19 days ago
Related Articles Risk Factors and stroke Risk stratification for atrial fibrillation: limitations and new possibilities. Am Heart J. 2008 Jul;156(1):1-3 Authors: Lip GY PMID: 18585489 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] ...

Source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov --- 13 days ago
Related Articles Risk Factors for non-fatal myocardial infarction and cardiac death in incident dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2008 Aug 5; Authors: Trivedi H, Xiang Q, Klein JP BACKGROUND: The risks of major cardiac events in patients initiating long-term dialysis related to prior coronary disease and various other Factors are not well known. METHODS: We used United States Renal Data System data to analyse the outcomes of non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI) and cardiac death in incident dialysis patients from years 1997 through 2001 (n = 214 890). The presence of established coronary artery disease was determined from the Medical Evidence form, non-fatal MI events were determined from Medicare claims' data and cause of death was determined from the Death Notification form. Multivariable analyses were performed employing Cox proportional hazards models using demographics, co-morbidities, laboratory variables, prior erythropoietin use, body mass index and type of dialysis. RESULTS: In patients with prior coronary disease as compared to those without, the adjusted relative Risk of non-fatal MI was 1.57 (95% CI, 1.5-1.65) and cardiac death was 1.16 (95% CI, 1.14-1.18). The 5-year cumulative incidence of non-fatal MI was 8.1 and 6% and cardiac death was 48.3 and 40.2%, in patients with and without prior coronary disease, respectively. Amongst important Factors, blacks had a lower Risk of non-fatal MI and cardiac death as compar ...

Source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov --- 13 days ago
Related Articles Association of abdominal fat distribution and cardiometabolic Risk Factors among obese Korean adolescents. Diabetes Metab. 2008 Apr;34(2):126-30 Authors: Kim JA, Park HS The association between abdominal fat distribution and cardiometabolic Risk Factors using direct measures of abdominal fat in adolescents has not been extensively researched. This study was designed to investigate the association between visceral and subcutaneous fat and cardiometabolic Risk Factors, in obese Korean adolescents. The study enrolled 175 adolescents (72 boys, 103 girls), from ages nine to 19 years, who were referred to the Obesity Clinic of Asan Medical Center. Body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) were measured for each study participant. Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) areas were calculated by computed tomography. Blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, insulin and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) score were measured. Systolic blood pressure, HDL cholesterol, fasting insulin and the HOMA score were significantly correlated with BMI, WC, VAT and SAT. In addition, VAT was significantly correlated with diastolic blood pressure and triglyceride levels. On multiple regression analysis, VAT was independently correlated with blood pressure, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, fasting insulin and the HOMA score, while SAT was independently correlat ...

Source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov --- 15 days ago
Related Articles Small vessel versus large vessel vascular dementia : Risk Factors and MRI findings. J Neurol. 2008 Jul 18; Authors: Staekenborg SS, van Straaten EC, van der Flier WM, Lane R, Barkhof F, Scheltens P OBJECTIVE : The aim of this study was a cross-sectional comparison of clinical and MRI characteristics and Risk factor profiles between patients with small vessel disease (lacunae and white matter hyperintensities) and large vessel disease (large territorial or strategical infarcts) in a large cohort of VaD patients. METHODS : Patients with VaD (NINDS-AIREN) were included in a large multicenter treatment trial (the VantagE study). All patients were examined by a neurologist and interviewed about their medical history. Based on MRI, patients were classified as having large vessel VaD, small vessel VaD, or a combination. Other MRI characteristics included white matter hyperintensities (WMH), medial temporal lobe atrophy (MTA) and general cortical atrophy. RESULTS : Of the 706 patients, 522 (74 %) had small vessel disease, 126 (18 %) had large vessel disease and 58 (8 %) had both. Patients with small vessel disease were older and less educated, and showed more cortical and medial temporal lobe atrophy than patients with large vessel disease. The most prevalent vascular Risk Factors (hypertension, diabetes and smoking) were equally distributed between the different types of VaD. However, patients with large vessel disease had mo ...

Source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov --- 14 days ago
Related Articles Left ventricular volumes and mass in marathon runners and their association with cardiovascular Risk Factors. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2008 Aug 3; Authors: Nassenstein K, Breuckmann F, Lehmann N, Schmermund A, Hunold P, Broecker-Preuss M, Sandner TA, Halle M, Mann K, Jöckel KH, Heusch G, Budde T, Erbel R, Barkhausen J, Möhlenkamp S Background To assess left ventricular volumes and mass by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in relation to conventional cardiovascular Risk Factors and coronary atherosclerotic plaque burden in master marathon runners aged >/=50 years. Methods Cardiac MRI was performed in 105 clinically healthy male marathon runners (mean age 57.3 +/- 5.7 years, range 50-71 years) on a 1.5 T MR system (Avanto, Siemens, Germany). Cine steady state free precession images in standard long and short axes views were acquired to assess left ventricular volumes and mass. Cardiovascular Risk Factors (blood pressure, HDL/LDL cholesterol, smoking, body mass index) were assessed and coronary artery calcification (CAC) was quantified by electron beam computed tomography. Results Left ventricular muscle mass (mean LVMM = 140 +/- 27 g; 73 +/- 13 g/m(2)) increased with increasing left ventricular end-diastolic volume (mean LVEDV = 137 +/- 32 ml; 72 +/- 15ml/m(2)) (r = 0.41, P < 0.0001) and with systolic (r = 0.33, P = 0.005) and diastolic (r = 0.28, P = 0.005) blood pressures. Left ventricular EDV increased up to the age ...

Source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov --- 19 days ago
Related Articles Genomic instability and proliferative activity as Risk Factors for distant metastases in breast cancer. Br J Cancer. 2008 Aug 5;99(3):513-9 Authors: Li L, Mu K, Zhou G, Lan L, Auer G, Zetterberg A The role of genomic instability and proliferative activity for development of distant metastases in breast cancer was analysed, and the relative contribution of these two Risk Factors was quantified. A detailed quantitative comparison was performed between Ki67 and cyclin A as proliferative markers. The frequency of Ki67 and cyclin A-positive cells was scored in the same microscopic areas in 428 breast tumours. The frequency of Ki67-positive cells was found to be highly correlated with the frequency of cyclin A-positive cells, and both proliferation markers were equally good to predict Risk of distant metastases. The relative contribution of degree of aneuploidy and proliferative activity as Risk markers for developing distant metastases was studied independently. Although increased proliferative activity in general was associated with an increased Risk of developing distant metastases, ploidy level was found to be an independent and even stronger marker when considering the group of small (T1) node negative tumours. By combining proliferative activity and ploidy level, a large group of low Risk breast tumours (39%) could be identified in which only a few percentage of the tumours (5%) developed distant metastases during the ...

Source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov --- 6 days ago
Related Articles Prenatal and neonatal Risk Factors for sleep disordered breathing in school-aged children born preterm. J Pediatr. 2008 Aug;153(2):176-82 Authors: Hibbs AM, Johnson NL, Rosen CL, Kirchner HL, Martin R, Storfer-Isser A, Redline S OBJECTIVES: Previously published data from the Cleveland Children's Sleep and Health Study demonstrated that preterm infants are especially vulnerable both to sleep disordered breathing (SDB) and its neurocognitive sequelae at age 8 to 11 years. In this analysis, we aimed to identify the components of the neonatal medical history associated with childhood SDB among children born prematurely. STUDY DESIGN: This analysis focuses on the 383 children in the population-based cohort from the Cleveland Children's Sleep and Health Study who were born <37 weeks gestational age and who had technically acceptable sleep studies performed at ages 8 to 11 years (92% of all preterm children). Logistic regression was used to evaluate the associations between candidate perinatal and neonatal Risk Factors and the presence of childhood SDB by sleep study. RESULTS: Twenty-eight preterm children (7.3%) met the definition for SDB at age 8 to 11 years. Having a single mother and mild maternal preeclampsia were strongly associated with SDB in unadjusted and race-adjusted models. Unadjusted analyses also identified xanthine use and cardiopulmonary resuscitation or intubation in the delivery room as potential Risk-fact ...

Source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov --- 16 days ago
Related Articles [Risk Factors associated with multiple-species candidemia] Rev Argent Microbiol. 2008 Jan-Mar;40(1):30-6 Authors: Benetucci A, Tiraboschi IN, Fernández N, Perazzi B, Lasala MB The incidence of fungemia has increased over the past decade. Multiple-species candidemia (MSC) has been infrequently reported. From 1998 to 2004, of 155 patients with diagnosis of candidemia at the Hospital de Clinicas (University of Buenos Aires), seven cases of MSC were identified (6 adults and 1 newborn) and compared with 21 cases of similar age and sex with monomicrobial candidemia. There were no differences in clinical data and outcome, except for the mediana duration of hospital stay (39 days for patients with MSC vs. 18 days for patients with monomicrobial candidemia, the mean time of central venous catheter permanence previous to candidemia (32 days for patients with MSC vs. 12 days for patients with monomicrobial candidemia and the duration of candidemia (5 days for MSC and 1 day for monomicrobial candidemia. In conclusion, although MSC episodes are less common than those caused by monomicrobial candidemia, modifiable Risk Factors such as duration of hospitalization and central venous catheter permanence account for the development of MSC. PMID: 18669050 [PubMed - in process] ...

Source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov --- 15 days ago
Related Articles Cardiovascular Risk Factors and dementia. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2008 Jun;6(2):100-18 Authors: Fillit H, Nash DT, Rundek T, Zuckerman A Background: Dementias, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia, are disorders of aging populations and represent a significant economic burden. Evidence is accumulating to suggest that cardiovascular disease (CVD) Risk Factors may be instrumental in the development of dementia. Objective: The goal of this review was to discuss the relationship between specific CVD Risk Factors and dementia and how current treatment strategies for dementia should focus on reducing CVD risks. Methods: We conducted a review of the literature for the simultaneous presence of 2 major topics, cardiovascular Risk Factors and dementia (eg, AD). Special emphasis was placed on clinical outcome studies examining the effects of treatments of pharmacologically modifiable CVD Risk Factors on dementia and cognitive impairment. Results: Lifestyle Risk Factors for CVD, such as obesity, lack of exercise, smoking, and certain psychosocial Factors, have been associated with an increased Risk of cognitive decline and dementia. Some evidence suggests that effectively managing these Factors may prevent cognitive decline/dementia. Randomized, placebo-controlled trials of antihypertensive medications have found that such therapy may reduce the Risk of cognitive decline, and limited data suggest a benefit for ...

Source: www.moreover.com --- 16 days ago
Low-dose growth hormone treatment reduced abdominal fat deposits and improved blood pressure and triglyceride levels in a group of patients with HIV lipodystrophy, a condition involving the redistribution of fat and other metabolic changes in patients ...

Source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov --- 11 days ago
Related Articles [Comprehensive study on the Risk Factors of hepatitis B virus intrauterine infection] Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi. 2008 Feb;29(2):132-5 Authors: Feng YL, Wang SP, Wei JN, Shi XH, Zhang JB, Guo Q, Wu XB, Fan H, Wang XF OBJECTIVE: To study the Risk Factors of hepatitis B virus (HBV) intrauterine infection. METHODS: Risk Factors of HBV intrauterine infection were analyzed by nested case control study. RESULTS: Data from univariate analysis revealed that Risk Factors of HBV intrauterine infection were positive results on HLA-DR3 (OR = 4.71, 1.62-13.66), HBV DNA (OR = 6.59, 2.72-15.97) and HBeAg (OR = 4.53, 1.93-10.64) in pregnant women, HLA-DR3 (OR = 3.91, 1.18-12.94) in newborn, HLA-I) R3 (OR = 5.96, 1.14-31.15) both in pregnant women and her newborns and HBV infection in placentas (OR = 2.51,1.12-5.60). Results from Multivariate unconditional logistics regression analysis showed that the Risk Factors of HBV intrauterine infection were positive in both HLA-DR3 (OR = 4.65, 1.44-15.05) and HBV DNA (OR = 6.56, 2.65-16.23) in pregnant women. However, there was no interaction between the two Factors. The exposure rate of other Factors did not reveal the difference in the two groups. With the increase of HBV DNA in pregnant women, the Risk of HBV intrauterine infection was rising (chi2 = 16.74, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Risk Factors of HBV intrauterine infection were HLA-DR3 positive and HBV DNA positive in pregnant women bu ...

Source: www.moreover.com --- 11 days ago
Drinking more sugar-sweetened beverages or eating fewer fruits and vegetables both may be associated with an increased Risk of , whereas eating a low-fat diet does not appear to be associated with any change in Risk, according to three reports in the ...

Source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov --- 9 days ago
Related Articles Thrombosis and inflammatory bowel disease-the role of genetic Risk Factors. World J Gastroenterol. 2008 Jul 28;14(28):4440-4 Authors: Tsiolakidou G, Koutroubakis IE Thromboembolism is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Recent data suggest thromboembolism as a disease-specific extraintestinal manifestation of IBD, which is developed as the result of multiple interactions between acquired and genetic Risk Factors. There is evidence indicating an imbalance of procoagulant, anticoagulant and fibrinolitic Factors predisposing in thrombosis in patients with IBD. The genetic Factors that have been suggested to interfere in the thrombotic manifestations of IBD include factor V Leiden, factor II (prothrombin, G20210A), methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene mutation (MTHFR, 6777T), plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) gene mutation and factor XIII (val34leu). In this article we review the current data and future prospects on the role of genetic Risk Factors in the development of thromboembolism in IBD. PMID: 18680221 [PubMed - in process] ...

Source: www.moreover.com --- 19 days ago
-- A committee opinion issued by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) recommends HIV screening for all women aged 19 to 64 years, regardless of their Risk Factors. ...

Source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov --- 19 days ago
Related Articles Seroprevalence and Risk Factors for influenza a viruses in pigs in peninsular malaysia. Zoonoses Public Health. 2008 Sep;55(7):342-51 Authors: Suriya R, Hassan L, Omar AR, Aini I, Tan CG, Lim YS, Kamaruddin MI Following a series of H5N1 cases in chickens and birds in a few states in Malaysia, there was much interest in the influenza A viruses subtypes that circulate among the local pig populations. Pigs may act as a mixing vessel for avian and mammal influenza viruses, resulting in new reassorted viruses. This study investigated the presence of antibodies against influenza H1N1 and H3N2 viruses in pigs from Peninsular Malaysia using Herdcheck Swine Influenza H1N1 and H3N2 Antibody Test Kits. At the same time, the presence of influenza virus was examined from the nasal swabs of seropositive pigs by virus isolation and real time RT-PCR. The list of pig farms was obtained from the headquarters of the Department of Veterinary Services, Malaysia, and pig herds were selected randomly from six of 11 states in Peninsular Malaysia. A total of 727 serum and nasal swab samples were collected from 4- to 6-month-old pigs between May and August 2005. By ELISA, the seroprevalences of swine influenza H1N1 and H3N2 among pigs were 12.2% and 12.1% respectively. Seropositivity for either of the virus subtypes was detected in less than half of the 41 sampled farms (41.4%). Combination of both subtypes was detected in 4% of all pigs and in ...

Source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov --- 7 days ago
Related Articles Prevalence and Risk Factors of asthma and allergic diseases among schoolchildren in Bolu, Turkey. Acta Paediatr. 2008 Apr;97(4):459-62 Authors: Talay F, Kurt B, Tug T, Yilmaz F, Goksugur N AIM: In this study we aimed to detect the prevalence and Risk Factors of asthma and allergic diseases in children aged between 7 and 14 years old at rural and urban areas of Bolu, Turkey. METHODS: Questionnaire of International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) phase one and questionnaire including questions about family, demographic, socio-economic characteristics of children were applied to 931 schoolchildren who were selected by randomized sampling. RESULTS: In children, the prevalence of diseases and symptoms were as follows: wheeze ever: 15.5%, asthma: 5.6%, nasal symptoms ever: 41.4%, allergic rhinitis: 23.2%, itchy rash ever: 5.9% and eczema: 5.0%. In multivariate regression analysis, presence of allergic disease in the family was Risk factor for wheezing (OR=1.74, 95% CI=1.19-2.76), asthma (OR=2.19, CI=1.06-4.52), allergic rhinitis (OR=2.68, CI=1.80-3.98) and eczema (OR=2.33, CI=1.17-4.65); living in shanties was Risk factor for allergic rhinitis (OR=5.26, CI=2.1-13.16); a monthly income below $300 was Risk factor for asthma (OR=2.54, CI=1.06-6.08). CONCLUSION: It was detected that the prevalence of allergic rhinitis and its symptoms was more common in schoolchildren living in Bolu. Presence of allergic disea ...