Rats

Source: uk.news.yahoo.com --- 22 hours ago
NHS trusts are having to call in pest control on a regular basis, figures released by the Conservatives have shown. ...

Source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov --- 1 day ago
Related Articles Effect of paradoxical sleep deprivation on oxidative stress parameters in brain regions of adult and old Rats. Biogerontology. 2008 Jun;9(3):153-62 Authors: Singh R, Kiloung J, Singh S, Sharma D The present study examined the effects of paradoxical sleep (PS) deprivation on the oxidative stress parameters: lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione in brain regions: cerebral cortex, striatum, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, and brain stem of adult (8 months) and old (24 months) Rats. PS deprivation (96 h) was performed by the classical flower pot technique. PS deprivation did not affect oxidative stress parameters in the striatum of both age groups; and the activity of glutathione peroxidase was not affected in any of the studied brain regions in both age groups. PS deprivation decreased the levels of glutathione only in the hippocampus, thalamus and hypothalamus; the magnitude of decrease was higher in the old than in the adult age group. PS deprivation increased the superoxide dismutase activity in the cerebral cortex and brain stem but reduced it in the hippocampus, thalamus and hypothalamus in both age groups. Increases in the activity were greater in adult animals than in old ones; the decline in the activity was greater in the hippocampus of old animals than in that of the adult ones. Lipid peroxidation was reduced by PS deprivation in the cerebral cortex and brain stem ...

Source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov --- 1 day ago
Related Articles Role of neonatal hyperleptinaemia on serum adiponectin and suppressor of cytokine signalling-3 expression in young Rats. Br J Nutr. 2008 Aug 5;:1-7 Authors: Passos MC, Toste FP, Dutra SC, Trotta PA, Toste FP, Lisboa PC, de Moura EG Previously we had shown that neonatal leptin treatment programmes for both hyperleptinaemia and hyperinsulinaemia, which lead to leptin resistance and low expression of the hypothalamic leptin receptor (OB-Rb) of Rats aged 150 d. Here we investigated in young post-weaned Rats (age 30 d) if leptin treatment during lactation induces leptin and insulin resistance and if those changes are accompanied by changes in the suppressor of cytokine signalling-3 (SOCS-3) expression and serum adiponectin concentration. After delivery, the pups were divided into two groups: (1) a leptin group (Lep) that were injected with leptin daily (8 mug/100 g body weight subcutaneously) for the first 10 d of lactation; (2) a control (C) group, receiving saline. After weaning (day 21), body weight was monitored until the animals were age 30 d. They were tested for food intake in response to either leptin (0.5 mg/kg body weight intraperitoneally) (CL, LepL) or saline (CSal, LepSal) when they were aged 30 d. The CL group showed lower food intake, but no response was observed in the LepL group, suggesting leptin resistance. The Lep group had hyperleptinaemia (five-fold), hyperinsulinaemia (+42.5 %) and lower levels of ser ...

Source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov --- 15 hours ago
Related Articles Effect of seabuckthorn leaf extracts on circulating energy fuels, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant parameters in Rats during exposure to cold, hypoxia and restraint (C-H-R) stress and post stress recovery. Phytomedicine. 2008 Jun;15(6-7):437-46 Authors: Saggu S, Kumar R The present study was carried out to study mechanism of adaptogenic activity of seabuckthorn leaf extract, administered orally in Rats both in single and five doses at a dose of 100mg/kg body weight 30min prior to C-H-R exposure. The efficacy of the extract was studied on circulating energy fuels, lipid peroxidation and anti-oxidant parameters in Rats on attaining the T(rec) 23 degrees C during C-H-R exposure and after recovery (T(rec) 37 degrees C) from C-H-R induced hypothermia. Single dose treatment in Rats restricted rise in blood malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and decrease in glutathione (GSH) and catalase (CAT) levels. Both single and five doses also restricted the rise in serum free fatty acids (FFA) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels on attaining T(rec) 23 degrees C during C-H-R exposure, suggesting more efficient utilization of FFA for energy production and better maintained cell membrane permeability. This suggested that the adaptogenic activity of the extract might be due to its anti-oxidative activity, maintained blood glucose levels, better utilization of FFA and improved cell membrane permeability. PMID: 18162386 [PubMed - indexed for ...

Source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov --- 1 hour ago
Related Articles Antiparkinson drugs used as prophylactics for nerve agents: studies of cognitive side effects in Rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2008 Jun;89(4):633-8 Authors: Myhrer T, Enger S, Aas P Antiparkinson agents possess excellent anticonvulsant properties against nerve agent-induced seizures by exerting both cholinergic and glutamatergic antagonisms. It is important, however, that drugs used as prophylactics not by themselves cause impairment of cognitive capability. The purpose of the present study was to make a comparative assessment of potential cognitive effects of benactyzine (0.3 mg/kg), biperiden (0.11 mg/kg), caramiphen (10 mg/kg), procyclidine (3 mg/kg), and trihexyphenidyl (0.12 mg/kg) separately and each in combination with physostigmine (0.1 mg/kg). The results showed that benactyzine, caramiphen, and trihexyphenidyl reduced Rats' innate preference for novelty, whereas biperiden and procyclidine did not. When benactyzine, caramiphen, and trihexyphenidyl were combined with physostigmine the cognitive impairment disappeared. This counteracting effect, however, caused changes in locomotor and rearing activities not seen by each drug alone. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and anticholinergics used as prophylactics can offset each other, but exceptions are observed in a previous study when a very potent anticholinergic (scopolamine) or a high dose of procyclidine still results in cognitive deficits in spite of coadminis ...

Source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov --- 8 hours ago
Related Articles The Effects of Corticosterone and Beta-Endorphin on Adherence, Phagocytosis and Hydrogen Peroxide Production of Macrophages Isolated from Dark Agouti Rats Exposed to Acute Stress. Neuroimmunomodulation. 2008 Aug 5;15(2):108-116 Authors: Stanojević S, Kuštrimović N, Mitić K, Miletić T, Vujić V, Kovačević-Jovanović V, Dimitrijević M Background: Given that stressful experiences can change the reaction to a subsequent exposure to stress, we tested the in vitro effects of the stress mediator corticosterone and the opioid peptide beta-endorphin on the function of macrophages isolated from control Rats and from Rats exposed to electric tail shock stress (ES) or a stress-witnessing procedure (SW) 24 h earlier. Methods: Peritoneal macrophages isolated from control and stressed Rats of the Dark Agouti (DA) strain were treated in vitro with corticosterone or beta-endorphin and tested for adherence, phagocytosis and hydrogen peroxide release. Results: ES diminished adherence and SW decreased phagocytosis. The suppressive effect of corticosterone on phagocytosis was absent in Rats exposed to ES and SW, while the suppressive effect of beta-endorphin on adherence was not observed in Rats exposed to SW. ES and SW did not affect H(2)O(2) release, neither directly nor indirectly by changing macrophage response to corticosterone and beta-endorphin in this test. Conclusions: In DA Rats early macrophage activation steps, i.e. adherence and ...

Source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov --- 5 hours ago
alpha-Phenyl-n-tert-butyl-nitrone attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced brain injury and improves neurological reflexes and early sensorimotor behavioral performance in juvenile Rats. J Neurosci Res. 2008 Aug 5; Authors: Fan LW, Chen RF, Mitchell HJ, Lin RC, Simpson KL, Rhodes PG, Cai Z Our previous study showed that treatment with alpha-phenyl-n-tert-butyl-nitrone (PBN) after exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) reduced LPS-induced white matter injury in the neonatal rat brain. The object of the current study was to further examine whether PBN has long-lasting protective effects and ameliorates LPS-induced neurological dysfunction. Intracerebral (i.c.) injection of LPS (1 mg/kg) was performed in postnatal day (P) 5 Sprague Dawley rat pups and PBN (100 mg/kg) or saline was administered intraperitoneally 5 min after LPS injection. The control Rats were injected (i.c.) with sterile saline. Neurobehavioral tests were carried out from P3 to P21, and brain injury was examined after these tests. LPS exposure resulted in severe brain damage, including enlargement of ventricles bilaterally, loss of mature oligodendrocytes, impaired myelination as indicated by the decrease in myelin basic protein immunostaining, and alterations in dendritic processes in the cortical gray matter of the parietal cortex. Electron microscopic examination showed that LPS exposure caused impaired myelination as indicated by the disintegrated myelin sheaths in the juve ...

Source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov --- 2 hours ago
Related Articles Effects of antioxidant stobadine on protein carbonylation, advanced oxidation protein products and reductive capacity of liver in streptozotocin-diabetic Rats: role of oxidative/nitrosative stress. Biofactors. 2007;30(3):171-8 Authors: Cumaoglu A, Cevik C, Rackova L, Ari N, Karasu C BACKGROUND: Increased oxidative/nitrosative stress is important in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications, and the protective effects of antioxidants are a topic of intense research. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether a pyridoindole antioxidant stobadine (STB) have a protective effect on tissue oxidative protein damage represented by the parameters such as protein carbonylation (PC), protein thiol (P-SH), total thiol (T-SH) and non-protein thiol (Np-SH), nitrotyrosine (3-NT), and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) in streptozotocin-diabetic Rats. METHODS: Diabetes was induced in male Wistar Rats by intraperitonal injection of streptozotocin (55 mg/kg). Some of the non-diabetic (control) and diabetic Rats treated with STB (24.7 mg/kg/day) during 16 weeks, and the effects on blood glucose, PC, AOPP, 3-NT, P-SH, T-SH and Np-SH were studied. Biomarkers were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or by colorimetric methods. RESULTS: Administration of stobadine to diabetic animals lowered elevated blood glucose levels by approximately 16% relative to untreated diabetic Rats. Although stobadine decreased ...

Source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov --- 6 hours ago
Related Articles Pentoxifylline Inhibits Transforming Growth Factor-Beta Signaling and Renal Fibrosis in Experimental Crescentic Glomerulonephritis in Rats. Am J Nephrol. 2008 Aug 5;29(1):43-53 Authors: Ng YY, Chen YM, Tsai TJ, Lan XR, Yang WC, Lan HY Background/Aims: Pentoxifylline (PTX) has been shown to inhibit renal inflammation in a rat model of crescentic glomerulonephritis. The present study investigated the role of PTX in renal fibrosis in Rats with crescentic glomerulonephritis. Methods: A rat model of accelerated anti-glomerular basement membrane glomerulonephritis was induced and treated with PTX or vehicle control for 3, 7, 14 and 28 days. The therapeutic effect and mechanism of PTX on renal fibrosis were examined by Northern blot and immunohistochemistry. Results: Diseased Rats treated with vehicle control developed a severe crescentic glomerulonephritis with progressive renal fibrosis identified by a marked accumulation of alpha-SMA+ myofibroblasts and collagen matrix. This was associated with tubular epithelial-myofibroblast transition as evident by de novo expression of alpha-SMA and a loss of E-cadherin on damaged tubular epithelial cells. Further studies revealed that severe renal fibrosis was associated with upregulation of renal TGF-beta1 and activation of TGF-beta/Smad signaling, which was blocked by treatment with PTX. Conclusions: PTX may be an anti-fibrosis agent capable of inhibiting renal fibrosis in a rat mode ...

Source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov --- 15 hours ago
Related Articles The gastric ulcer protective effect of boswellic acids, a leukotriene inhibitor from Boswellia serrata, in Rats. Phytomedicine. 2008 Jun;15(6-7):408-15 Authors: Singh S, Khajuria A, Taneja SC, Khajuria RK, Singh J, Johri RK, Qazi GN Aim of the study is to evaluate the anti-ulcer efficacy of the boswellic acids (BA), a triterpenoid known as anti-inflammatory/anti-arthritic agent, which is in clinical use. The reason for the study is that, the known non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are full of side effects especially ulceration which is at the top. BA, although, used as an anti-arthritic agent yet it is not only devoid of ulcer production but protective also. The activity evaluation was done by the following universally accepted animal models viz., pyloric ligation, ethanol-HCl, acetylsalicylic acid, indomethacin and cold restrained stress-induced ulceration in Rats. Results of the present study revealed that BA possess a dose dependent antiulcer effect against different experimental models. It showed different degree of inhibition of the ulcer score towards different ulcerogenic agents. The ulcer score against various ulcer inducing agents viz., pyloric ligation, ethanol/HCl, (acute and chronic) acetylsalicylic acid, indomethacin and cold restraint stress, was inhibited by 39%, 38%, 51%, 31%, 37% and 42% respectively at 250mg/kg. From the data it is concluded that BA inhibited ulcer production non-specific ...

Source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov --- 15 hours ago
Related Articles Blueberry husks and multi-strain probiotics affect colonic fermentation in Rats. Br J Nutr. 2008 Aug 5;:1-12 Authors: Bränning C, Håkansson A, Ahrné S, Jeppsson B, Molin G, Nyman M The aim was to investigate how blueberry husks and/or mixtures of probiotic strains (Lactobacillus crispatus DSM16743, L. gasseri DSM16737 and L. plantarum DSM15313 (LABmix), or Bifidobacterium infantis DSM15159 and DSM15161 (BIFmix)) affect colonic fermentation, caecal counts of lactobacilli, bifidobacteria and Enterobacteriaceae, body weight gain, and blood concentrations of carboxylic acids (CA) and ammonia in Rats. Dietary fibres in blueberry husks were fermented to 61 % in colon, and the elevated faecal excretion of fibre and protein contributed to the high faecal bulking capacity (1.3). The caecal pool of CA was higher in Rats fed blueberry husks than the fibre-free control (P < 0.05), and the propionic acid proportion was higher in the distal colon than in the control group (P < 0.05). Probiotics lowered the caecal amount of CA when added to blueberry husks (P < 0.001), while the propionic acid proportion was higher with LABmix (P < 0.01) than blueberry husks only. The propionic acid and butyric acid concentrations in blood were higher in Rats fed blueberry husks and probiotics than those fed blueberry husks only (P < 0.01), implying that the absorption of these acids was facilitated by the bacteria. The caecal counts of lactobacilli, ...

Source: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov --- 1 day ago
Related Articles Seoul virus enhances regulatory and reduces proinflammatory responses in male Norway Rats. J Med Virol. 2008 Jul;80(7):1308-18 Authors: Easterbrook JD, Klein SL Zoonotic pathogens, including hantaviruses, are maintained in the environment by causing persistent infection in the absence of disease in their reservoir hosts. Spillover of hantaviruses to humans can cause severe disease that is mediated by excessive proinflammatory responses. The mechanisms mediating hantaviral persistence in rodent reservoirs remain largely unknown. Male Norway Rats were inoculated with their species-specific hantavirus, Seoul virus (SEOV), and viral RNA, cytokine, and chemokine responses were evaluated in spleen and lung tissue. More viral RNA was detectable in the lungs than spleen, with copies of SEOV peaking 15-30 days post-inoculation (p.i.) and persisting for 60 days p.i. In the lungs, the expression and production of proinflammatory mediators (i.e., IL-1beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, CCL5, CCL2, CX3CL1, CXCL10, VCAM, VEGF, and NOS2) remained at or below baseline throughout SEOV infection; whereas, regulatory factors, including TGF-beta and FoxP3 were elevated. Conversely, in the spleen, proinflammatory responses were induced while regulatory responses remained unchanged during infection. To determine whether reduced proinflammatory responses mediate hantavirus persistence in the lungs, male Rats were administered rIL-1beta or vehic ...

Source: isohunt.com --- 4 hours ago
Bit Torrent details: Category: Audio Original site: http://fenopy.com/ Size: 107.17 MB, in 25 files Seeds: 41 - Leechers: 13 - Downloads: 143 Description: Please Seed Me ...

Source: www.channel4.com --- 1 day ago
Hospital hygiene is under the spotlight once again after shocking details of Rats, maggots and fleas on the wards were revealed. ...

Source: www.dailymail.co.uk --- 1 day ago
Filthy NHS wards are being plagued by pests - with maggots found in slippers and Rats in maternity units, it was revealed last night. ...

Source: news.scotsman.com --- 18 hours ago
NHS health trusts have reported almost 20,000 incidents of pest infestation in hospitals over the past two years, it emerged today. ...

Source: www.metro.co.uk --- 1 day ago
An alarming 20,000 incidents of pest infestation have been reported in hospitals over the past two years. ...

Source: www.wfaa.com --- 16 hours ago
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Source: www.bradenton.com --- 16 hours ago
The squirrels are back. ...

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Am J Nephrol 2009;29:43-53 (DOI:10.1159/000150600) ...